Newcastle University

Research Interests

In London I studied photoelectrochemical properties of conductive polymers in John Albery's group before joining the electrochemical research laboratory of Allen Bard in UT Austin to work on the development of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).

My research covers a range of experimental and theoretical topics in electrochemistry and nanoscale science, with considerable overlap. All of the work involves collaboration with other members of the Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory (CNL; Andrew Houlton, David Fulton, Eimer Tuite, Andrew Pike and Lidija Šiller) as well as colleagues elsewhere in Newcastle University, in industry (Intel, Alphasense) and across Europe (EU FP7 network LAMAND).

Horrocks Group Research Page

Nanowires

We are investigating the synthesis of nanowires using DNA as a template in order to control the length and diameter of the wires. Metals, semiconductors and conjugated polymer nanowires have all been prepared. We also study the conductance mechanism and spectroscopic properties of these materials using a range of microelectronic, probe microscopy and confocal imaging techniques. In collaboration with colleagues in EECE as well as external collaborators (Intel, EU FP7 network LAMAND) we are investigating their use in applications including sensing and novel electronics.

[1] Watson, S. M. D.; Wright, N. G.; Horrocks, B. R.; Houlton, A. Langmuir 2009, 26, 2068.

[2] Houlton, A.; Pike, A. R.; Galindo, M. A.; Horrocks, B. R. Chem. Commun. 2009, 1797.

[3] Hassanien, R.; Al-Hinai, M.; Al-Said, S. A. F.; Little, R.; Šiller, L.; Wright, N. G.; Houlton, A.; Horrocks, B. R. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 2149.

Quantum dots

Originally we came into this field via the silicon monolayer work with the discovery that under certain conditions the hydrosilation chemistry at porous silicon produces free-standing alkyl monolayer-capped silicon nanocrystals. We have investigated the photophysics and spectroscopy of these intensely luminescent quantum dots and also observed their unusual ability to 'evaporate' intact under UHV conditions. Current projects involve a mixture of fundamental studies (with Lidija Šiller in CEAM/CNL), applications as biological probes (with Harish Datta, FMS) and nanotoxicology (with Harish Datta & Elaine Mutch, FMS).

[4] Lie, L. H.; Duerdin, M.; Tuite, E. M.; Houlton, A.; Horrocks, B. R. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2002, 538-539, 183.

[5] Rostron, R. J.; Chao, Y.; Roberts, G.; Horrocks, B R. J. Phys. Cond. Matter, 2009, 21, 235301.

[6] Zidek, K.; Pelant, I.; Trojanek, F.; Maly, P.; Gilliot, P.; Honerlage, B.; Oberle, J.; Šiller, L.; Little, R.; Horrocks, B. R. Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 085321.

[7] Chao, Y.; Šiller, L.; Krishnamurthy, S.; Coxon, P. R.; Bangert, U.; Gass, M.; Kjeldgaard, L.; Patole, S. N.; Lie, L. H.; O'Farrell, N.; Alsop, T. A.; Houlton, A.; Horrocks, B. R. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 486.

[8] Al-sharif, N. H.; Berger, C. E. M.; Varanasi, S. S.; Chao, Y.; Horrocks, B. R.; Datta, H. K. Small, 2009, 5, 221.

Monolayer chemistries at hydrogen-terminated silicon

Fluoride etching of silicon is a common technique in semiconductor technology, it produces a hydrogen-terminated surface that can be handled under ambient conditions and on which there is a rich surface monolayer chemistry, analogous to the organic chemistry of silanes, but with some unique aspects. In particular, in collaboration with Bernard Connolly (FMS) we have shown that it is possible to carry out a complete DNA synthesis on atomically-flat Si(111)-H or on porous silicon.

[9] de Smet, L. C. P. M.; Zuihof, H.; Sudholter, E. J. R.; Lie, L. H.; Houlton, A.; Horrocks, B. R. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 12020.

[10] Woods, M.; Carlsson, S.; Hong, Q.; Patole, S. N.; Lie, L. H.; Houlton, A.; Horrocks B. R. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 24035.

[11] Cleland, C. G.; Horrocks, B. R.; Houlton, A. J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans. 1995, 91, 4001.

[12] Horrocks, B. R.; Houlton, A.; Bateman, J. E.; Eagling, R. D. Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. 1998, 37, 2683.

[13] Pike, A. R.; Lie, L. H.; Eagling, R. D.; Ryder, L. C.; Patole, S. N.; Connolly, B. A.; Horrocks, B. R.; Houlton, A. Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. 2002, 41, 615.

[14] Lie, L. H.; Patole, S. N.; Pike, A. R.; Ryder, L. C.; Connolly, B. A.; Ward, A. D.; Tuite, E. M.; Houlton, A.; Horrocks, B. R. Farad. Disc. 2004, 125, 235.

[15] Pike, A. R.; Ryder, L. C.; Horrocks, B. R.; Clegg, W.; Connolly, B. A.; Houlton, A. Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 344.

Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical methods

Past work has included the development of various aspects of scanning electrochemical microscopy(SECM): potentiometric and enzyme-coated tips, local electron transfer rates at semiconductors and impedance methods. More recently we have studied the lateral electron transport in DNA monolayers on silicon and the generation and decomposition of superoxide at single cells.

Current projects cover a range of topics: (i) analysis of calcium and superoxide in the study of osteoclast biology (with Harish Datta, FMS); (ii) detection of nanoparticles and metal speciation in minewater remediation systems (with Andy Aplin, CEGS) and (iii) gas sensors.

We are also investigating the rates of electron transfer at metallic, semiconducting and semi-metallic electrodes using a variety of electrochemical techniques including fast scan cyclic voltammetry, scanning electrochemical microscopy, impedance spectroscopy and transient photocurrent measurements. Currently the compounds of interest are a series of viologens prepared in the Molecular Photonics Laboratory which have defined inter-ring torsion angles.

[16] Horrocks, B. R.; Mirkin, M. V.; Pierce, D. T.; Bard, A. J.; Nagy, G.; Toth, K. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1213.

[17] Horrocks, B. R.; Mirkin, M. V.; Bard, A. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 9106.

Horrocks, B. R.; Schmidtke, D.; Heller, A.; Bard, A. J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 3605.

[18] Lie, L. H.; Mirkin, M. V.; Hakkarainen, S.; Houlton, A.; Horrocks, B. R. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2007, 603, 67.

[19] Berger, C.E. M.; Rathod, H.; Gillespie, J. I.; Horrocks, B. R.; Datta, H. K. J. Bone Min. Res. 2001, 16, 2092.

[20] Berger, C.E. M.; Datta, H. K.; Horrocks, B. R. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 5288.

[21] Mudashiru, L. K.; Horrocks, B. R.; Aplin, A. C. Importance of colloidal iron in mine waters revealed by differential pulse voltammetry. In: 18th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference. 2008,Vancouver, Canada: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.

[22] Mudashiru, L. K.; Aplin, A. C.; Horrocks, B. R. Anal. Meth. 2011, 3, 927.

Patents

'IMPROVEMENTS TO QUANTUM DOTS, QUANTUM DOT PROBES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF' Filed April, 26th 2006

Projects

• Biological Applications of Electrochemical Techniques
• Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
• Self-Assembled Monolayers on Silicon Surfaces
• Ultramicroelectrodes

Undergraduate Teaching

Lab organizer for stage 1 & stage 3 physical chemistry.

Module leader for stage 1 & stage 2 physical chemistry

• Armstrong RD, Horrocks BR. Thermodynamics for the situation where there is a discontinuous change of the electrode condition with potential due to the formation of a two dimensional condensed phase - diffuse layer effects. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 1999, 463(1), 9-15.
• Galindo MA, Hannant J, Harrington RW, Clegg W, Horrocks BR, Pike AR, Houlton A. Pyrrolyl-, 2-(2-thienyl)pyrrolyl- and 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)pyrrolyl-nucleosides: synthesis, molecular and electronic structure, and redox behaviour of C5-thymidine derivatives. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2011, 9(5), 1555-1564.
• Carlsson S, Gonzalez R, OFarrell N, Patole SN, Connolly BA, Houlton A, Horrocks BR, Pike A. Self-Organisation of Self-Complementary DNA Molecules Covalently Attached to Silicon Surfaces. Science of Advanced Materials 2011, 3(3), 483-489.
• Berger CEM, Datta HK, Horrocks BR. Simulation of generation-collection experiments with homogeneous kinetics: application to electrochemical investigation of superoxide radical anion generation by osteoclasts on bone. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2011, 13(12), 5288-5297.
• Zidek K, Pelant I, Trojanek F, Maly P, Gilliot P, Honerlage B, Oberle J, Siller L, Little R, Horrocks BR. Ultrafast stimulated emission due to quasidirect transitions in silicon nanocrystals. Physical Review B 2011, 84(8), 085321.
• Mudashiru LK, Aplin AC, Horrocks BR. Voltammetric methods for the speciation of dissolved iron and determination of Fe-containing nanoparticles in mine-water discharge. Analytical Methods 2011, 3(4), 927-936.
• Hassanien R, Al-Hinai M, Al-Said SAF, Little R, Siller L, Wright NG, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Preparation and Characterization of Conductive and Photoluminescent DNA-Templated Polyindole Nanowires. ACS Nano 2010, 4(4), 2149-2159.
• Watson SMD, Wright NG, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. Preparation, Characterization and Scanned Conductance Microscopy Studies of DNA-Templated One-Dimensional Copper Nanostructures. Langmuir 2010, 26(3), 2068-2075.
• Pruneanu S, Olenic L, Al-Said SAF, Borodi G, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Template and template-free preparation of one-dimensional metallic nanostructures. Journal of Materials Science 2010, 45(12), 3151-3159.
• Siller L, Krishnamurthy S, Kjeldgaard L, Horrocks BR, Chao Y, Houlton A, Chakraborty AK, Hunt MRC. Core and valence exciton formation in x-ray absorption, x-ray emission and x-ray excited optical luminescence from passivated Si nanocrystals at the Si L-2,L-3 edge. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2009, 21(9), -.
• Rostron RJ, Horrocks BR, Roberts G. Distributed luminescence from alkyl-capped silicon quantum dots. Journal of Applied Physics 2009, 105(9), 094302.
• Houlton A, Pike AR, Galindo MA, Horrocks BR. DNA-based routes to semiconducting nanomaterials. Chemical Communications 2009, (14), 1797-1806.
• Hong Q, Rogero C, Lakey JH, Connolly BA, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Immobilisation of proteins at silicon surfaces using undecenylaldehyde: demonstration of the retention of protein functionality and detection strategies. Analyst 2009, 134(3), 593-601.
• Pruneanu S, Olenic L, Tudoran L, Kacso I, Al-Said S, Hassanien R, Houlton A, Horrocks B. Preparation of 1D nanostructures using biomolecules. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2009, 182(1), 012014.
• Rostron RJ, Chao Y, Roberts G, Horrocks BR. Simultaneous photocharging and luminescence intermittency in silicon nanocrystals. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2009, 21(23), -.
• Al-Said SAF, Hassanien R, Hannant J, Galindo MA, Pruneanu S, Pike AR, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Templating Ag on DNA/polymer hybrid nanowires: Control of the metal growth morphology using functional monomers. Electrochemistry Communications 2009, 11(3), 550-553.
• Alsharif NH, Berger CEM, Varanasi SS, Chao Y, Horrocks BR, Datta HK. Alkyl-Capped Silicon Nanocrystals Lack Cytotoxicity and have Enhanced Intracellular Accumulation in Malignant Cells via Cholesterol-Dependent Endocytosis. Small 2008, 5(2), 221-228.
• Dickinson FM, Alsop TA, Al-Sharif N, Berger CEM, Datta HK, Siller L, Chao Y, Tuite EM, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Dispersions of alkyl-capped silicon nanocrystals in aqueous media: photoluminescence and ageing. Analyst 2008, 133(11), 1573-1580.
• Pruneanu S, Dong L, Hollis TA, Wright NG, Galindo MA, Pike AR, Connolly BA, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. DNA-based Inorganic and Polymer Nanowires: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties of Nanoelectronic Components. In: AIP Conference Proceedings: DNA Based Nanodevices.2008,Jena, Germany:American Institute of Phsyics
• Coxon PR, Chao Y, Horrocks BR, Gass M, Bangert U, Siller L. Electron energy loss spectroscopy on alkylated silicon nanocrystals. Journal of Applied Physics 2008, 104(8), 084318.
• Mudashiru LK, Horrocks BR, Aplin AC. Importance of colloidal iron in mine waters revealed by differential pulse voltammetry. In: 18th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference.2008,Vancouver, Canada:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: Elsevier
• Pruneanu S, Al-Said SAF, Dong L, Hollis TA, Galindo MA, Wright NG, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Self-assembly of DNA-templated polypyrrole nanowires: Spontaneous formation of conductive nanoropes. Advanced Functional Materials 2008, 18(16), 2444-2454.
• Rogero C, Chaffey BT, Mateo-Marti E, Sobrado JM, Horrocks BR, Houlton A, Lakey JH, Briones C, Martin-Gago JA. Silicon surface nanostructuring for covalent immobilization of biomolecules. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C 2008, 112(25), 9308-9314.
• Houlton A, Horrocks BR, Wright NG, Olsen S, O'Neill A. Top down and Bottom-up Routes to Nanoscale Electronic Components. In: Intel European Research and Innovation Conference. 2008, Leixlip, Ireland: Intel Europe.
• Dong L, Hollis T, Connolly BA, Wright NG, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. DNA-templated semiconductor nanoparticle chains and wires. Advanced Materials 2007, 19(13), 1748-1751.
• Lie LH, Mirkin MV, Hakkarainen S, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Electrochemical detection of lateral charge transport in metal complex-DNA monolayers synthesized on Si(1 1 1) electrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2007, 603(1), 67-80.
• Mudashiru LK, Horrocks BR, Aplin AC. Emerging methods for insitu monitoring of iron speciation in polluted minewaters, NE, England. In: Analytical Research Forum. 2007, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
• Chao Y, Siller L, Krishnamurthy S, Coxon PR, Bangert U, Gass M, Kjeldgaard L, Patole SN, Lie LH, O'Farrell N, Alsop TA, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Evaporation and deposition of alkyl-capped silicon nanocrystals in ultrahigh vacuum. Nature Nanotechnology 2007. , 2(8), 486-489.
• Mudashiru LK, Aplin AC, Horrocks BR. Towards Real-Time and Continuous Monitoring of Iron Speciation in Polluted Mine-waters, NE, UK. In: 9th Great British Research and R & D Show. 2007, House of Commons, London.
• Mudashiru LK, Horrocks BR, Aplin AC. Insitu Voltammetric Measurements of Iron Speciation in Polluted Mine-waters.. In: 1st European Chemistry Congress. 2006, Budapest, Hungary.
• Chao Y, Houlton A, Horrocks BR, Hunt MRC, Poolton NRJ, Yang J, Siller L. Optical luminescence from alkyl-passivated Si nanocrystals under vacuum ultraviolet excitation: Origin and temperature dependence of the blue and orange emissions. Applied Physics Letters 2006, 88(26), 263119.
• O'Farrell N, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Silicon nanoparticles: applications in cell biology and medicine. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2006. PO BOX 300-008, ALBANY, AUCKLAND 0752, NEW ZEALAND: DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD, 1(4), 451-472.
• Woods M, Carlsson S, Hong Q, Patole SN, Lie LH, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. A Kinetic Model of the Formation of Organic Monolayers on Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon by Hydrosilation of Alkenes. Journal of Physical Chemistry B: Condensed Matter, Materials, Surfaces, Interfaces & Biophysical 2005, 109(50), 24035-24045.
• Woods M, Carlsson S, Hong Q, Patole SN, Lie LH, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. A kinetic model of the formation of organic monolayers on hydrogen-terminated silicon by hydrosilation of alkenes. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2005, 109(50), 24035-24045.
• Pike AR, Ryder LC, Horrocks BR, Clegg W, Connolly BA, Houlton A. Ferrocenyl-modified DNA: Synthesis, characterization and integration with semiconductor electrodes. Chemistry: A European Journal 2005, 11(1), 344-353.
• de Smet LCPM, Zuihof H, Sudholter EJR, Lie LH, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Mechanism of the Hydrosilylation Reaction of Alkenes at Porous Silicon: Experimental and Computational Deuterium Labeling Studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry B: Condensed Matter, Materials, Surfaces, Interfaces & Biophysical 2005,109 24 12020-12031.
• Chao Y, Krishnamurthy S, Montalti M, Lie LH, Houlton A, Horrocks BR, Kjeldgaard L, Dhanak VR, Hunt MRC, Šiller L. Reactions and luminescence in passivated Si nanocrystallites induced by vacuum ultraviolet and soft-x-ray photons. Journal of Applied Physics 2005, 98, 044316.
• Lie LH, Patole SN, Pike AR, Ryder LC, Connolly BA, Ward AD, Tuite EM, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Immobilisation and synthesis of DNA on Si(111), nanocrystalline porous silicon and silicon nanoparticles. Faraday Discussions 2004, 125, 235-249.
• Mirkin MV, Lie LH, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Lateral charge transfer in DNA monolayers. In: 205th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society. 2004, San Antonio, Texas, USA: Electrochemical Society, Inc..
• Pike AR, Patole SN, Murray NC, Ilyas T, Connolly BA, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. Covalent and non-covalent attachment and patterning of polypyrrole at silicon surfaces. Advanced Materials 2003, 15(3), 254-257.
• Patole SN, Pike AR, Connolly BA, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. STM study of DNA films synthesized on Si(111) surfaces. Langmuir 2003, 19(13), 5457-5463.
• de Smet LCPM, Zuilhof H, Sudholter EJR, Wittstock G, Duerdin MS, Lie LH, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Diffusion in porous silicon: effects on the reactivity of alkenes and electrochemistry of alkylated porous silicon. Electrochimica Acta 2002, 47(16), 2653-2663.
• Pike AR, Lie LH, Eagling RA, Ryder LC, Patole SN, Connolly BA, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. DNA on silicon devices: On-chip synthesis, hybridization, and charge transfer. Angewandte Chemie (International Edition) 2002, 41(4), 615-617.
• Pike AR, Ryder LC, Horrocks BR, Clegg W, Elsegood MRJ, Connolly BA, Houlton A. Metallocene - DNA: Synthesis, molecular and electronic structure and DNA incorporation of C5-ferrocenylthymidine derivatives. Chemistry: A European Journal 2002, 8(13), 2891-2899.
• Lie LH, Patole SN, Hart ER, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Photochemical reaction of diazomethane with hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2002, 106(1), 113-120.
• Lie LH, Duerdin M, Tuite EM, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Preparation and characterisation of luminescent alkylated-silicon quantum dots. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2002, 538, 183-190.
• Price C, Horrocks BR, Mayeux A, Elsegood MRJ, Clegg W, Houlton A. Self-complimentary metal complexes containing a DNA base pair. Angewandte Chemie: International Edition 2002, 41(6), 1047-1049.
• Pike AR, Horrocks BR, Connolly BA, Houlton A. Towards DNA based molecular electronics on silicon. Australian Journal of Chemistry 2002, 55(3), 191.
• Berger CEM, Rathod H, Gillespie JI, Horrocks BR, Datta HK. Scanning electrochemical microscopy at the surface of bone-resorbing osteoclasts: Evidence for steady-state disposal and intracellular functional compartmentalization of calcium. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2001, 16(11), 2092-2102.
• Bateman JE, Eagling RD, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. A Deuterium Labeling, FTIR, and Ab Initio investigation of the solution-phase thermal reactions of alcohols and alkenes with hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000, 104(23), 5557-5565.
• Georgopoulou AS, Michael D, Mingos P, White AJP, Williams DJ, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. Bifunctional ferrocene derivatives for molecular recognition of DNA duplexes. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions 2000, (17), 2969-2974.
• Mirkin MV, Horrocks BR. Electroanalytical measurements using the scanning electrochemical microscope. Analytica Chimica Acta 2000, 406(2), 119-146.
• Isaac CJ, Price C, Horrocks BR, Houlton A, Elsegood MRJ, Clegg W. Synthesis, structure and coordination chemistry of mono- and bis-heterocyclic-ferrocenyl derivatives. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 2000, 598(2), 248-253.
• Aslanoglu M, Isaac CJ, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Voltammetric measurements of the interaction of metal complexes with nucleic acids. Analyst 2000, 125(10), 1791-1798.
• Houlton A, Horrocks BR, Gibson AE, Isaac CJ. Synthesis, structure and redox properties of ferrocenylmethylnucleobases. Journal of the Chemical Society-Dalton Transactions, 18, 3229-3234 1999.
• Horrocks BR, Armstrong RD. Discreteness of charge effects on the double layer structure at the metal/solid electrolyte interface. Journal of Physical Chemistry Part B 1999, 103(51), 11332-11338.
• Horrocks BR, Houlton A, Bateman JE, Eagling RD. Alkylation of porous silicon by direct reaction with alkenes and alkynes. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 37, 2683-2685 1998.
• M. Aslanoglu, A. Houlton, and B. R. Horrocks. A Functionalised Monolayer for Nucleic Acid Immobilisation on Gold Surfaces and Metal Complex Binding Studies. Analyst, 123, 753. 1998.
• C. E. M. Berger, B. R. Horrocks, and H. K. Datta. cAMP-dependent inhibition is dominant in regulating superoxide production in the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Journal of Endocrinology, 158, 311-318. 1998.
• Horrocks BR and Mirkin MV. Cation binding to DNA studied by ion-transfer voltammetry at micropipets. Analytical Chemistry, 70, 4653-4660 1998.
• B. R. Horrocks and M. V. Mirkin. Evidence for a potential-dependent reversible inactivation of urease adsorbed on a gold electrode. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 94, 1115. 1998.
• J. E. Bateman, R. D. Eagling, B. R. Horrocks, A. Houlton, and D. R. Worrall. A role for organic molecules in the oxidation of porous silicon. Journal of the Chemical Society-Chemical Communications, 2275. 1997.
• D. Jeffrey, B. R. Horrocks, R. D. Armstrong, and A. B. Walsh. Electrochemical Microscopy of Polymer Layers. Electrochimica Acta, 42, 3637. 1997.
• J. E. Bateman, B. R. Horrocks, and A. Houlton. Reactions of Water and Methanol at Hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces studied by transmission FTIR. Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions, 93, 2427. 1997.
• R. D. Armstrong and B. R. Horrocks. The double layer structure at the metal-solid electrolyte interface. Solid State Ionics, 94, 181. 1997.
• C. G. Cleland, B. R. Horrocks, and A. Houlton. Direct functionalization of silicon via the self-assembly of alcohols. Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions, 91, 4001-4003 1995.
• M. Arca, A. J. Bard, B. R. Horrocks, T. C. Richards, and D. A. Treichel. Advances in scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst, 119, 719-726. 1994.
• B. R. Horrocks, M. V. Mirkin, and A. J. Bard. SECM 25. Application to investigation of the kinetics of heterogeneous electron transfer at semiconductor (WSe2 and Si) electrodes. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98, 9106-9114. 1994.
• K. Toth, G. Nagy, B. R. Horrocks, and A. J. Bard Magyar. Investigation of ion-selective membranes with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Kemiai Folyoirat, 99, 339-348. 1993.
• K. Toth, G. Nagy, B. R. Horrocks, and A. J. Bard. Investigation of silver iodide-based ion-selective membranes by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analytica Chimica Acta, 282, 239-246. 1993.
• B. R. Horrocks, M. V. Mirkin, D. T. Pierce, A. J. Bard, G. Nagy, and K. Toth. SECM 19. Ion selective potentiometric microscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 1213-1224. 1993.
• B. R. Horrocks, D. Schmidtke, A. Heller, and A. J. Bard. SECM 24. Enzyme ultramicroelectrodes for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide at surfaces. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 3605-3614. 1993.
• Bard AJ, Fan FR, Horrocks B. Recent Applications of the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 204: 156-ANYL Part 1. 1992.
• W. J. Albery, Z. Chen, B. R. Horrocks, A. R. Mount, P. J. Wilson, D. Bloor, A. T. Monkman, and C. M. Elliott. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of charge-transfer in modified electrodes. Faraday Discussions Chemical Society, 88, 247. 1989.
• Matthies R, Aplin AC, Horrocks BR, Mudashiru LK. Occurrence and behaviour of dissolved, nano-particulate and micro-particulate iron in waste waters and treatment systems: new insights from electrochemical analysis. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2012, 14, 1174-1181.
• Hassanien R, Al-Said SAF, Siller L, Little R, Wright NG, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Smooth and conductive DNA-templated Cu2O nanowires: growth morphology, spectroscopic and electrical characterization. Nanotechnology 2012, 23(7), 075601.
• Harun NA, Horrocks BR, Fulton DA. A miniemulsion polymerization technique for encapsulation of silicon quantum dots in polymer nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2011, 3(11), 4733-4741.
• Al Hinai M, Wright N, Horsfall A, Hassanien R, Horrocks B, Houlton A. Ultra-sensitive hydrogen gas sensing using DNA-templated palladium nanowires. In: IEEE Sensors. 2011, Limerick, Ireland: IEEE.
• Pike AR, Lie LH, Patole SN, Ryder LC, Connolly BA, Horrocks BR, Houlton A. Integrating DNA with semiconductor materials: Bio-inorganic hybrid devices. In: DNA-Based Molecular Construction: International Workshop on DNA-based Molecular Construction. 2002, Jena, Germany: American Institute of Physics.
• Ryder L, Pike A, Horrocks B, Houlton A. Ferrocenyl-nucleosides: synthesis, redox chemistry and incorporation into DNA. In: 10th International Conference on Bioinorganic Chemistry. 2001, Florence, Italy: Elsevier Inc.
• Berger CEM, Horrocks BR, Datta HK. Application of ion-selective microelectrodes to the detection of calcium release during bone resorption. Electrochimica Acta 1999, 44(16), 2677-2683.
• Berger CEM, Horrocks BR, Datta HK. Direct non-genomic effect of steroid hormones on superoxide anion generation in the bone resorbing osteoclasts. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 1999, 149(1-2), 53-59.