CVs

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The purpose of a CV is to tell a recruiter all about you, your skills and experience – and hopefully persuade them to invite you to interview. It’s often the first opportunity you have to make an impression. Read on for our tips on writing a good CV.

Five key principles

There's no right or wrong way to write a CV, but always remember to tailor it to the role you're applying for. If you apply the principles below, you will be able to write a CV for any purpose.

1. Relevance

Find out what the role involves and show how your knowledge, experience and skills are relevant.

2. Order

Put your most relevant information first and give it the most space. Based on what you know about the job, decide what is most relevant, for example, your degree, work experience or voluntary work.

3. Format

Aim for a professional-looking CV. This means it should:

be consistent in layout
have a good balance of text and space
have careful use of italics, bold and underlining
be printed on good quality paper (if posting)

4. Attention to detail

Spelling and grammar must be correct. Check it over carefully. If you're unsure, get someone to help you.

5. Letter

Always include a covering letter, unless you are asked not to. It introduces you and lets you highlight the important parts of your CV and your reasons for applying.

How to structure your CV

A CV in the UK is usually no more than two pages, though if you’re applying for academic positions, eg postdoctoral roles, your CV can be longer.

Different countries have different CV formats – make sure you find out what is required when applying for a job overseas.

CV formats

Chronological/traditional

This type of CV lists your education and experience in reverse chronological order, starting with the most recent and working backwards. This is the most common style of CV and is more suited to new graduates. It's also generally preferred by employers.

This format is particularly useful if your qualifications and/or experience are related to the role, but may not be so effective if your background is less relevant.

Skills-based

Skills-based CVs can be useful when your degree subject and work experience are not related to the role and you want to show that you have relevant transferable skills. You need to have a very clear understanding of what the employer is looking for and be able to provide evidence through examples.

They can be useful for experienced graduates who want to change career direction, but for new graduates, we'd suggest a chronological CV rather than a skills-based one.

Combination

It may be that a combination of chronological and skills-based styles is appropriate. You may have very relevant qualifications that favour a chronological format and varied work experience that benefits from a skills-based approach.

Academic

Use this style to apply for academic jobs such as a postdoctoral position or lectureship. It tends to be built around three areas:

your research
teaching
administrative experience

It can also include conferences attended and publications. Length is less important and it may be longer than two pages. For advice and examples of CVs for postgraduate study and academia, see our advice on CVs for specific sectors.

Further information

See examples of different CV formats.

targetjobs has additional advice on whether a chronological or skills-based CV is right for you.

How to evidence your skills and experience in your CV

Use the job description and/or person specification to identify the skills and experience the recruiter is looking for. Make sure you provide evidence of these using specific examples. It's not enough just to say you have a particular skill, you need to back this up. You can include any achievements or impact your actions had, for example, if you were fundraising for a society, were you successful - how much money did you raise, etc?

Your examples could come from a range of contexts such as:

your studies
work experience
part-time jobs
extra-curricular activities, including volunteering

If you’re sending a CV speculatively (ie not in response to an advertised position), you may not have a job description to help you. Find out as much as possible about the field of work, the company and the type of role you are interested in. You’ll also need to know which skills are required. To help with this, look at the job profiles on the Prospects website.

The following links provide further advice on the skills employers look for, and how to demonstrate them:

skills employers want (Prospects)
skills for getting a job (TARGETjobs)
what I can do with my degree (Prospects) – includes a list of skills you could gain from specific courses
what skills and qualifications employers are looking for (jobs.ac.uk)
selling your skills to potential employers (Institution of Engineering and Technology - IET)
how to write a speculative job application (Prospects)

Watch the Careers Service's online Masterclass presentation: 'CV Writing: Where to start' (11:24)

To view the presentation with subtitles, click the subtitle/closed caption button in the player below. You can also view a full screen version.

Get Feedback

Find out how the Careers Service can help you write a winning CV.

CV and Covering Letter Pathway

Whether you’ve never created a CV before, or you’re looking to develop your existing CV further, start with our CV and Covering Letter Pathway. To access the Pathway, follow the link or log into MyCareer and click on the Pathways icon on the homepage.

As part of the Pathway, you’ll upload your CV to CareerSet - our online CV checker for instant feedback on your CV and advice on how you can develop it further.

Once you have completed the Pathway and updated your CV with advice from CareerSet you can book an online or in-person CV appointment for 1:1 feedback from a CV adviser to help you strengthen it further and answer any questions you might have.

CareerSet

Upload a pdf copy of your CV to CareerSet to get instant AI-generated feedback 24/7.

CareerSet scores your CV on key skills that recruiters look for, focusing on impact, brevity and style. You can use the feedback to edit your CV and re-submit it to CareerSet as many times as you like. You can also match your CV with a job description, to help you tailor it to a specific role.

After using CareerSet, we recommend you book an online CV appointment or send your CV to us for written feedback via MyCareer, to help you refine your CV further. You don’t need to have achieved a specific score on CareerSet to be able to do this.

CareerSet can only provide feedback on chronological CVs – for other styles (such as skills-based), please book an appointment or submit your CV as above.

If you would like any of the content in an accessible format, you can request this from CareerSet – see More> Accessibility for details.

How to access CareerSet:

Log into CareerSet

To access CareerSet, you will need to accept their privacy policy and terms of use.

Students

Log into CareerSet with your Newcastle University email address to get an authentication link – this will log you in for the duration of one session. Your account is created on your first login.

Graduates

To access CareerSet you’ll need our Newcastle University graduate voucher code. The voucher code is listed in the CV and Covering Letter Pathway and on the graduate homepage of MyCareer.

The Careers Service will have access to your scores and feedback reports to help us develop further support and advice, but your CV is not stored in CareerSet. All information is in line with the University’s data protection policy.
Click on Score My CV and upload your CV to get your feedback report – this takes about 30 seconds. Your CV must be in PDF format. If you need help with this, see how to convert a Word document to PDF.
Review your score and work your way through the feedback and tips to help you improve your CV. For the first time you use it, click on ‘Show me around’ for a full tour of the report. There’s no such thing as a perfect CV, so you don’t need to try to get to 100%! We’d suggest aiming for a score above 70%, but if you’re struggling to reach that, don’t worry – you can book an online CV appointment to get help from a CV adviser.
You can then upload your CV again to see if you’ve improved your score.

Target your CV

If you’re applying for a specific role, you can add a job/placement description to CareerSet to see how well your CV matches it, based on the keywords and skills required.

Click on Target My CV (on the dashboard or in the left-hand menu on your report) to upload or copy the text to get your relevancy score and advice on how to improve this.

You can also get help from our CV advisers. Share the job description during your online appointment or upload it with your CV to MyCareer for advice on how to tailor your CV to the role.

What CareerSet can’t do

CareerSet is a valuable tool for getting feedback on your CV, but there are certain things it can’t do. Instead, you can book an online 1:1 appointment or submit a query via MyCareer if you:

have a CV in a different format, eg skills-based, academic, Europass, or a more creative CV. CareerSet only checks chronological CVs
would like feedback on a covering letter, application form or LinkedIn profile
don’t have much work experience to add to your CV – book an online information appointment for ideas of how to find relevant opportunities and develop your skills.
are applying for opportunities overseas - CareerSet focuses on what UK employers look for. See Other Countries or book an online CV appointment for more advice
want to discuss how to include reasonable adjustments/extenuating circumstances on your CV

Feedback from a CV adviser

Before booking a CV appointment or sending us your CV for feedback, you need to first complete the CV and Covering Letter Pathway on MyCareer, including uploading your CV to CareerSet. Once you have completed the pathway and made any changes suggested by CareerSet, you can then receive 1:1 feedback from a CV adviser.

To book an online or in-person CV appointment log into MyCareer and click on 'Book', then 'Appointments' to chat to a CV adviser at a time that suits you.

You can also send your CV (preferably in MS Word) to us for written feedback - this can take up to 5 working days. Click on Resources in MyCareer (top right hand corner) to submit your query and CV. 

Examples

We have produced some examples of different types of CVs to help you think about content, layout and how to demonstrate your skills.

Chronological CV

Chronological CVs list your education and experience in reverse chronological order, starting with the most recent and working backwards. This is the most common style of CV and is more suited to new graduates. It's also generally preferred by employers.

chronological CV example (PDF: 149 KB)

Skills-based CV

Skills-based CVs can be useful when your degree subject and work experience are not related to the role and you want to show that you have relevant transferable skills. They can be useful for experienced graduates who want to change career direction, but for new graduates, we'd usually suggest a chronological CV rather than a skills-based one.

skills-based CV example (PDF: 151 KB)

Part-time job CV

Depending on what you're applying for, you would typically add any work experience before your education in a part-time job CV.

part-time job CV example (PDF: 142 KB)

Sector-specific CVs

Accounting and Finance CV Example (PDF: 260KB) - Accessible version (Accounting and Finance) (PDF: 146KB)
Architecture CV example (PDF: 1MB) - Accessible version (Architecture) (PDF: 172KB)
Biomedical Sciences CV Example (PDF: 480KB) - Accessible version (Biomedical Sciences) (PDF: 148KB)
Creative Arts CV Example (PDF: 969KB) Accessible version (Creative Arts) (PDF: 147KB)
Marketing CV example (PDF: 6.2MB) - Accessible version (Marketing) (PDF: 601KB)
Mechanical Engineering CV Example (PDF: 907KB) - Accessible version (Mechanical Engineering) (PDF: 98KB)

You can also find CV templates and advice for various sectors, including IT, media & journalism, investment banking and engineering, on targetjobs: CVs, applications and tests.

Go to Specific Sectors for information and advice on CVs for law, investment banking, science and academia.

Specific Sectors

Some sectors, like law, investment banking and academia have specific requirements for CVs.

Legal CVs

For information and advice on applying for jobs in the legal sector, including work experience, training and employers, see our Sector-specific information.

targetjobs' Law page includes tips on what employers are looking for in candidates and advice for successful applications - see also ten ways to get your legal CV noticed.

targetjobs Law section also has advice on CVs and covering letters for pupillages and how to get your law CV noticed by chambers.

Assess your application strengths and weaknesses on Lawcareers.net's website.

AllAboutLaw.co.uk has advice on law CVs includes a law CV template.

Investment banking CVs

Recruiters tend to prefer a one-page CV for investment banking roles. efinancial Careers has advice on the perfect investment banking CV. See also targetjobs advice and template for investment banking CVs.

Scientific CVs

See the Society of Biology's next steps: options after a bioscience degree for advice on writing CVs and how to demonstrate your skills.

Architecture CVs

See our Architecture, Planning and Landscape: Applications for information about creating CVs, portfolios and what to expect at interviews.

Postgraduate and academic CVs

We've created a guide to CVs for academic researchers below, for applying to academic positions. You can also access our accessible version of the Guide to CVs for Academic Researchers (PDF: 376KB).

The following links also provide advice on writing CVs for postgraduate study and academia:

creating an effective academic CV (Vitae)
The Vitae Researcher Development Statement – sets out knowledge, behaviours and attributes of effective researchers appropriate for a wide range of careers
academic CV guidelines (jobs.ac.uk)
academic CV example or a PhD graduate (jobs.ac.uk)
how to get your academic CV noticed by employers (jobs.ac.uk)
from academia to business - advice on adapting your CV if you're also applying for roles in industry (jobs.ac.uk)

Other Countries

Different countries have different CV formats. It's important to find out what's required for the country you're interested in. Here we've shared links to information about writing CVs for jobs in some different countries.

Worldwide

You can find advice on CVs/resumes and covering letters for a wide range of countries at GoinGlobal (University login required off campus).

See also TARGETjobs country profiles for advice on applying for jobs overseas.

For useful phrases for CVs and covering letters in 14 different languages, visit bab.la.

Europe

GoinGlobal has tips on writing a CV and covering letter for several European countries, including France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain and Sweden.

The Europass CV (a standardised CV template) is used by some countries in the EU, though not all. For more information, visit the Europa.eu website.

Asia

GradMalaysia and GradSingapore provide useful advice on applications and CVs.

USA

For an overview of US resumes and CVs with examples for different sectors, see Columbia University Center for Career Education's information about resumes and CVs.

Australia and New Zealand

The following links contain further information about job applications in Australia and New Zealand:

How to write a resume (Monash University Careers, Australia)
CVs and cover letters (Careers New Zealand)
tips for creating a New Zealand-style CV (Careers New Zealand)

More Help

The Careers Service provides advice and resources to help you create your CV. There are also a range of useful websites that provide further advice.

CV Feedback

The Careers Service can provide feedback on CVs through online and in-person appointments. Before booking a CV appointment, you need to first complete the CV and Covering Letter Pathway on MyCareer, including uploading your CV to our automatic online checker, CareerSet. To book a CV appointment log into MyCareer and click on 'Book', then 'Appointments' to choose a time to suit you.

You can also send your CV to us for written feedback - this can take up to 5 working days. Click on Resources in MyCareer (top right hand corner) to submit your query and CV. Before sending your CV for written feedback, you need to first complete the CV and Covering Letter Pathway.

‘How to write your CV' workshop

Attend our careers workshop, ‘How to write your CV’. For dates and times, see our Events section.

CVs and Covering Letters workbook

For more advice on writing CVs and covering letters, see our CVs and Covering Letters workbook below. You can also access our accessible version CVs and Covering Letters Workbook (PDF: 116KB)

External resources

You can find advice from professionals (often recruiters) at Guardian Careers: CV.

The following links provide further information about CVs:

the big guide to CV writing (TARGETjobs)
the 6 step guide to perfecting your graduate CV (TARGETjobs)
how to write a graduate CV: your FAQs answered (TARGETjobs)
how to write an outstanding CV profile (Guardian)
graduate CV advice (Graduate Recruitment Bureau)
185 powerful verbs that will make your resume awesome (The Muse)