Staff Profile
Professor Paul Christensen
Prof of Pure & Applied Electrochem
- Telephone: +44 (0) 191 208 5472
- Address: School of Engineering
Bedson Building
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
NE1 7RU
Research
Research Interests
Research themes:
Industrial Relevance
Lithium ion battery safety: asset and human protection, sensing and fire extinguishing
Thermal runaway and propagation in large lithium-ion battery systems
Codes and standards
Lithium-ion safety policy
Consultancy
Specialist Expertise
Publications
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Articles
- Harper G, Anderson PA, Kendrick E, Mrozik W, Christensen P, Lambert S, Greenwood D, Das PK, Ahmeid M, Milojevic Z, Du W, Brett DJL, Shearing PR, Rastegarpanah A, Solkin R, Sommerville R, Zorin A, Durham JL, Abbott A, Thompson D, Browning N, Mehdi L, Bahri M, Schnaider-Tontini F, Nicholls D, Stallmeister C, Friedrich B, Sommerfeld M, Driscoll LL, Jarvis A, Giles EC, Slater PR, Echavarri-Bravo V, Maddalena G, Horsfall L, Gaines L, Dai Q, Jethwa SJ, Lipson AL, Leeke GA, Cowell TD, Farthing JG, Mariani G, Smith A, Iqbal Z, Golmohammadzadeh R, Sweeney L, Goodship V, Li Z, Edge JS, Lander L, Nguyen-Tien V, Elliott RJR, Heidrich O, Slattery M, Reed D, Ahuja J, Cavoski A, Lee R, Driscoll E, Baker J, Littlewood PB, Styles I, Mahanty S, Boons F. Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies. Journal of Physics: Energy 2023, 5, 021501.
- Reynolds WJ, Eje N, Christensen P, Li W-H, Daly SM, Parsa R, Chavan B, Birch-Machin MA. Biological effects of air pollution on the function of human skin equivalents. FASEB BioAdvances 2023, 5(11), 470-483.
- Christensen PA, Milojevic Z, Wise MS, Ahmeid M, Attidekou PS, Mrozik W, Dickman NA, Restuccia F, Lambert SM, Das PK. Thermal and mechanical abuse of electric vehicle pouch cell modules. Applied Thermal Engineering 2021, 116623.
- Bessegato GG, Cooke MD, Christensen PA, Wood D, Zanoni MVB. Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of Si/TiO2/Au composite anode: Efficient oxygen evolution and hydroxyl radicals generation. Electrochimica Acta 2021, 370, 137742.
- Christensen PA, Anderson PA, Harper GDJ, Lambert SM, Mrozik W, Rajaeifar MA, Wise MS, Heidrich O. Risk management over the life cycle of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 148, 111240.
- Christensen PA, Mashhadani ZTAW, Md Ali AHB, Manning DAC, Carroll MA, Martin PA. An in situ FTIR study of the plasma- and thermally-driven reaction of isopropyl alcohol at CeO2: Evidence for a loose transition state involving Ce3+?. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2019, 21(3), 1354-1366.
- Christensen P, Mashhadani Z, MdAli AHB, Carroll M, Martin P. The Production of Methane, Acetone, “Cold” CO and Oxygenated Species from Isopropyl Alcohol in a Non-Thermal Plasma: An In-Situ FTIR Study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 2018, 122(17), 4273–4284.
- Christensen PA, Bin Md Ali AH, Mashhadani ZTAW, Carroll MA, Martin PA. The Production of Ketene and C5O2 from CO2, N2 and CH4 in a Non-thermal Plasma Catalysed by Earth-Abundant Elements: An In-Situ FTIR Study. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 2018, 38(3), 461-484.
- Christensen PA, Abd Halim BMA, Mashhadani ZTAW, Martin PA. A Direct Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Comparison of the Plasma- and Thermally-Driven Reaction of CO2 at Macor. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 2018, 38(2), 293–310.
- Christensen PA, Mashhadania ZTAW, Md Ali AHB. In situ FTIR studies on the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol over SnO2 as a function of temperature up to 600 oC and a comparison to the analogous plasma-driven process. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2018, 20(14), 9053-9062.
- Christensen PA, Attidekou PS, Egdell RG, Maneelok S, Manning DAC, Palgrave R. The identification of the mechanism of electrocatalytic ozone generation on Ni/Sb-SnO2. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2017, 121(2), 1188-1199.
- Lambert SM, Armstrong M, Wang C, Attidekou PS, Christensen P, Widmer JD, Scott K. A rapid non-destructive-testing technique for in-line quality control of Li-ion batteries. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2017, 64(5), 4017-4026.
- Attidekou PS, Wang C, Armstrong M, Lambert SM, Christensen PA. A new time constant approach to online capacity monitoring and lifetime prediction of lithium ion batteries for Electric Vehicles (EV). Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2017, 164(9), A1792-A1801.
- Christensen PA, Attidekou PA, Egdell RG, Maneelok S, Manning DAC. An in-situ FTIR spectroscopic and thermogravimetric analysis study of the dehydration and dehydoxylation of SnO2: the contribution of the (100), (110) and (111) facets. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2016, 18(33), 22990-22998.
- Al-Abduly A, Christensen PA. An in situ and downstream study of non-thermal plasma chemistry in an air fed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Plasma Sources Science and Technology 2015, 24(6), 065006.
- Zakaria K, Christensen PA. The Use of Ni/Sb-SnO2-based Membrane Electrode Assembly for Electrochemical Generation of Ozone and the Decolourisation of Reactive Blue 50 Dye Solutions. Electrochimica Acta 2014, 135, 11-18.
- Al-Abduly A, Christensen P, Harvey A, Zahng K. Characterization and optimization of an oscillatory baffled reactor (OBR) for ozone-water mass transfer. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 2014, 84, 82-89.
- Christensen PA, Jones SWM. An in situ FTIR study of undoped PolyBenzoImadazole as a function of relative humidity. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2014, 105, 211-217.
- Christensen PA, Jones SWM. An in Situ FTIR Study of Ethanol Oxidation at Polycrystalline Platinum in 0.1 M KOH at 25 and 50 degrees C. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2014, 118(51), 29760-29769.
- Attidekou PS, Lambert S, Armstrong M, Widmer J, Scott K, Christensen PA. A study of 40 Ah lithium ion batteries at zero percent state of charge as a function of temperature. Journal of Power Sources 2014, 269, 694-703.
- Christensen PA, Zakaria K, Christensen H, Yonar T. The Effect of Ni and Sb Oxide Precursors, and of Ni Composition, Synthesis Conditions and Operating Parameters on the Activity, Selectivity and Durability of Sb-Doped SnO2 Anodes Modified with Ni. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2013, 160(8), H405-H413.
- Tang SH, Lin WF, Christensen PA, Haarberg GM. Effect of methanol concentration on oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pt/C catalysts. Chinese Journal of Catalysis 2013, 34(6), 1105-1111.
- Christensen PA, Jones SWM, Hamnett A. An in situ FTIR spectroscopic study of the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol at a Pb-modified polycrystalline Pt electrode immersed in aqueous KOH. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2013, 15(40), 17268-17276.
- Freitas RG, Antunes EP, Christensen PA, Pereira EC. The influence of Ir and Pt1Ir1 structure in metallic multilayers nanoarchitectured electrodes towards ethylene glycol electro-oxidation. Journal of Power Sources 2012, 214, 351-357.
- Christensen PA, Zakaria K, Curtis TP. Structure and Activity of Ni- and Sb-doped SnO2 Ozone Anodes. Ozone: Science & Engineering 2012, 34(1), 49-56.
- Christensen PA, Jones SWM, Hamnett A. In Situ FTIR Studies of Ethanol Oxidation at Polycrystalline Pt in Alkaline Solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2012, 116(46), 24681-24689.
- Freitas RG, Pereira EC, Christensen PA. The selective oxidation of ethanol to CO2 at Pt-pc/Ir/Pt metallic multilayer nanostructured electrodes. Electrochemistry Communications 2011, 13(10), 1147-1150.
- Christensen PA, Imkum A. The Inhibition of Ozone Generation at Ni/Sb-SnO2 Electrodes in High Concentrations of Dissolved O-3. Ozone: Science & Engineering 2011, 33(5), 389-395.
- Christensen PA, Hamnett A, Linares-Moya D. The electro-oxidation of formate ions at a polycrystalline Pt electrode in alkaline solution: an in situ FTIR study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2011, 13(24), 11739-11747.
- Christensen PA, Hamnett A, Linares-Moya D. Oxygen reduction and fuel oxidation in alkaline solution. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2011, 13(12), 5206-5214.
- Christensen PA, Carroll MA, Linares-Moya D, Molyneux D, Rosamond MC, Woods D. A Novel Composite Anode: The Electrooxidation of Organic Molecules via Formation of Highly Energetic Holes. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2011, 115(21), 10777-10783.
- Jin C, Christensen PA, Egerton TA, White JR. Effect of anisotropy on photo-mechanical oxidation of polyethylene. Polymer 2003, 44(19), 5969-5981.
- Christensen PA, Egerton TA, Lawson EJ, Temperley J. Measurements of carbon dioxide evolution from alkyd paint films: Part I Oxidative scission during film ageing. Journal of Materials Science 2002, 37(17), 3667-3673.
- Lin WF, Christensen PA, Hamnett A, Zei MS, Ertl G. Electro-oxidation of CO at the Ru(0001) single-crystal electrode surface. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000, 104(28), 6642-6652.
- Christensen PA, Egerton TA, Harper JC, Tinlin JR. Photoelectrochemical oxidation of organics on thermal film TiO2,Topical Issues in Glasses ‘ Photons Glasses and Coatings. Society of Glass Technology Newsletter 1999, 146(3), 75.
- Christensen PA, Dilks A, Egerton TA, Temperley J. Infrared spectroscopic evaluation of the photodegradation of paint - Part I - The UV degradation of acrylic films pigmented with titanium dioxide. Journal of Materials Science 1999, 34(23), 5689-5700.
- Christensen PA, Eameaim J, Hamnett A. In situ FTIR studies of the photo-electrochemical behaviour of thermal TiO2 films as a function of temperature. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1999, 1(23), 5315-5321.
- Eastwood BJ, Christensen PA, Armstrong RD, Bates NR. Electrochemical oxidation of a carbon black loaded polymer electrode in aqueous electrolytes. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 1999, 3(4), 179-186.
- Hamnett A, Abel J, Eameaim J, Christensen P, Timonov A, Vasilyeva S. A study of the polymerisation and electrochemical cycling of Pd methoxy- Salen derivatives using fast ellipsometry and FT-infrared spectroscopy. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1999, 1(22), 5147-5156.
- Roy SC, Christensen PA, Hamnett A, Thomas KM, Trapp V. Direct methanol fuel cell cathodes with sulfur and nitrogen-based carbon functionality. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1996, 143(10), 3073-3079.
- CHRISTENSEN PA, HAMNETT A, HILLMAN AR, SWANN MJ, HIGGINS SJ. CHARGE CONDUCTION IN POLYBITHIOPHENE - AN INSITU FOURIER-TRANSFORM INFRARED STUDY. JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-FARADAY TRANSACTIONS 1992, 88(4), 595-604.
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Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstracts)
- Mrozik W, Wise M, Dickman N, Ahmeid M, Milojevic Z, Das P, Lambert S, Christensen P. Abuse of Lithium-ion Batteries: Emergence, Composition, and Toxicity of Vapour Cloud. In: Nordic Fire & Safety Days. 2022, Lund, Sweden: Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE).
- Mrozik W, Christensen PA, Milojevic Z, Ahmeid M, Wise MS, Attidekou PS, Dickman NA, Lambert S, Das PK. Hazards and Pollution Released from Abused and Burnt Industrial Lithium-Ion Batteries. In: 104th Canadian Chemistry Conference and Exhibition (IUPAC | CCCE 2021). 2021, Canada.
- Egerton TA, Christensen PA, Fernando SS, White JR. FTIR measurement of CO2 photogeneration from polyethylene, polypropylene and polyester films. In: Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 2007, American Chemical Society.
- Egerton TA, Christensen PA, Scott K, Harrison R, Tinlin JR. UV absorption by nitrophenols:Implications for design of photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reactors. In: Photocatalytic and Advanced Oxidation Processes for Treatment of Air, Water, Soil and Surfaces, TiO2-9 and AOT-10. 2004, San Diego, California, USA: Redox technologies Inc.
- Jin C, Egerton TA, White JR, Christensen PA, MacDonald N. Rapid Method to assess the effect of pigments on photo-degradability of polymers. In: Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Plastics Engineers (ANTEC). 2003, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
- Jin C, Egerton TA, White JR, Christensen PA, MacDonald N. Rapid method to assess effect of pigments on photodegradability of polymers. In: 61st Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC). 2003, Nashville, Tennessee, USA: Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.
- Cheng H, Scott K, Christensen PA. Hydrodehylogenation of 2, 4-dibromophenol by electrochemical reduction. In: 53rd Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE). 2002, Dusseldorf, Germany.
- Scott K, Cheng H, Christensen PA. Electrochemical Treatment of Chlorinated Organics. In: 2001 Joint International Meeting - 200th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society and the 52nd Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry. 2001, San Francisco, California.
- Cheng H, Scott K, Christensen PA. Electrochemical Recycling of Halogenated Phenols. In: Electrochem. 2001, Loughborough, UK.
- Cheng H, Scott K, Christensen PA. Electrochemical HDH of chlorinated organics. In: ENERGY AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES FOR A CLEANER ENVIRONMENT, PROCEEDINGS. 2001, 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA: ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC.
- Hamnett A, Abel J, Christensen PA, Earley D. Fast ellipsometric studies of surface processes. In: Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 1999, American Chemical Society.
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Patent
- Christensen PA, Scott K, Cheng H. Electrolysis cell and method. US: Christensen, PA, US 2006/0231415, 19 October 2006.
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Reviews
- Mrozik W, Rajaeifar MA, Heidrich O, Christensen P. Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries. Energy and Environmental Science 2021, 14(12), 6099-6121.
- Harper G, Sommerville R, Kendrick E, Driscoll L, Slater P, Stolkin R, Walton A, Christensen P, Heidrich O, Lambert S, Abbott A, Ryder K, Gaines L, Anderson P. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Nature 2019, 575(7781), 75-86.
- Christensen PA, Yonar T, Zakaria K. The Electrochemical Generation of Ozone: A Review. Ozone: Science & Engineering 2013, 35(3), 149-167.